Persians:
Punk Rock:
The Clash
The Ramones
Qarkilik:
Charklik
or Charkhlik, the Uighur name, official now called by its modern Chinese name Ruoqiang,
was an ancient kingdom located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's
Republic of China.
Rebellion:
Saint Issa:
“It's the poster characteristic of the teenager years:
adolescent rebellion. And it's one that causes many conflicts with parents.
Two common types of rebellion are against socially fitting
in (rebellion of non-conformity) and against adult authority (rebellion of
non-compliance.) In both types, rebellion attracts adult attention by offending
it.
The young person proudly asserts individuality from what
parents like or independence of what parents want and in each case succeeds in
provoking their disapproval. This is why rebellion, which is simply behavior
that deliberately opposes the ruling norms or powers that be, has been given a
good name by adolescents and a bad one by adults.”
“It can cause them to experiment with high-risk excitement -
accepting dares that as a children they would have refused.
It can cause them to reject safe rules and restraints -
letting impulse overrule judgment to dangerous effect.
And it can cause them to injure valued relationships -
pushing against those they care about and pushing them away.”
Revolutionaries in Gallilee:
Judaism at
the time of Jesus was a complex mixture of divergent social, political and
religious ideologies. In general terms, we can speak of four distinct
movements, ideologies or life-options. It is helpful to situate Jesus in terms
of these social groups of his day in order that we can come to appreciate the
distinctiveness of his own life and mission.
The Zealot movement took the
revolutionary option. It advocated outward violence, even armed rebellion, to
rid Israel of Roman oppression. Nothing else, they figured, would bring final
liberation to the Jewish people. Depending on the point of view, Zealots were
looked upon as freedom-fighters or terrorists. One thinks of the Tamil Tigers
in Sri Lanka or activities of the Irish Republican Army during the 'troubles'
in Northern Ireland. Certainly Jesus had zealots among his followers, for
example 'Simon the Zealot'. Moreover, Jesus came into conflict with both the
Jewish temple and the Roman state. Finally, he was executed as a zealot
revolutionary. However, few would argue that Jesus was a violent revolutionary.
Like other non-violent figures in history, such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jesus posed
a more radical threat to the established order than any armed person might do.
Saint Issa:
In 1887 a Russian war correspondent, Nicolas Notovitch,
visited India and Tibet. He claimed that, at the lamasery or monastery of Hemis
in Ladakh, he learned of the "Life of Saint Issa, Best of the Sons of
Men." Issa is the Arabic name of Jesus. His story, with a translated text
of the "Life of Saint Issa," was published in French in 1894 as La
vie inconnue de Jesus Christ. It was subsequently translated into English,
German, Spanish, and Italian.
Notovitch's writings were immediately controversial. The
German orientalist Max Mueller, who'd never been to India himself, published a
letter he'd received from a British colonial officer, which stated that the
presence of Notovitch in Ladakh was "not documented."
J. Archibald Douglas, then a teacher at the Government
College in Agra also visited Hemis monastery in 1895, but claimed that he did
not find any evidence that Notovich had even been there. But, there is very little
biographical information about Notovitch and a record of his death has never
been found. The diary of Dr. Karl Rudolph Marx of the Ladane Charitable
Dispensary, a missionary of the Order of the Moravian Brothers, and director of
the hospital in Leh, clearly states that he treated Nicolas Notovitch for a
severe toothache in November 1887. However, Edgar J. Goodspeed in his book
"Famous Biblical Hoaxes" claims that the head abbot of the Hemis
community signed a document that denounced Notovitch as an outright liar; this
claim has not been independently verified.
The corroborating evidence of later visitors to the
monastery having yet to appear, Notovich responded to claims that the lama at
Hemis had denied that the manuscript existed by explaining that the monks would
have seen enquiries about them as evidence of their value to the outside world
and of the risk of their being stolen or taken by force. Tibetologists Snellgrove and Skorupski wrote
of the monks at Hemis, "They seem convinced that all foreigners steal if
they can. There have in fact been quite serious losses of property in recent
years." Notovitch also provided the
names of several people in the region who could verify his presence there.
In 1922, after initially doubting Notovitch, Swami Abhedananda,
a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, and a close acquaintance of Max Müller,
journeyed to Tibet, investigated his claim, was shown the manuscript by the
lama and with his help translated part of the document, and later championed
Notovich's views. Having spoken at Max Müller's funeral, his opposing Müller's
assertion that Notovitch's document was a forgery, was no small matter.
A number of authors have taken these accounts and have
expanded upon them in their own works. For example, in her book The Lost
Years of Jesus: Documentary Evidence of Jesus's 17-Year Journey to the East,
Elizabeth Clare Prophet cites Buddhist manuscripts that provide evidence that
Jesus traveled to India, Nepal, Ladakh and Tibet. However, she reprints objections and rebuttals
of Life of Saint Issa, citing both sides of the controversy in detail.
She observes, "The fact that
Douglas failed to see a copy of a manuscript was no more decisive proof that it
did not exist than Notovitch's claim that it did."
“Today there is not a single recognized scholar on the
planet who has any doubts about the matter. The entire story was invented by
Notovitch, who earned a good deal of money and a substantial amount of
notoriety for his hoax.” —Bart D.
Ehrman, Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible’s Authors Are
Not Who We Think They Are
Sakastan:
Sakastan or Sakaistan
or Sakasthan is a term
indicating certain regions of the South Asia where the Scythians or Sakas
settled around 100 BC. Sakastan region includes southern Afghanistan; Punjab, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh provinces of Pakistan; also includes Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Haryana and Punjab states of India. The use of the term Sakastan is a
restrictive term, most likely of relatively recent origin, and does not find
mention in any of the creditable historical accounts concerning the South Asia.
Samaria:
Samaria, or the Shomron
is a term used for a mountainous region roughly corresponding to the northern
part of the West Bank. The name "Samaria" derives from an ancient
city of the same name, which was located near the south of Samaria, and was the
capital of the Kingdom of Israel. According to 1 Kings 16:24, it is derived
from the individual [or clan] Shemer, from whom Omri purchased the site.
The name was the only name used for this area from ancient times until the
Jordanian conquest of 1948, at which point the Jordanian occupiers coined the
term West Bank
Silk Road:
The Silk Road or Silk Route refers to a historical network of interlinking trade routes
across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia
with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East
Africa. The land routes were supplemented by sea routes which extended from the
Red Sea to East Africa, India, China, and Southeast Asia.
Extending 4,000
miles (6,500 km), the Silk Road gets its name from the lucrative Chinese
silk trade along it, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). The
central Asian sections of the trade routes were expanded around 114 BCE by the
Han dynasty, argely through the missions and explorations of Zhang Qian, but
earlier trade routes across the continents already existed. In the late Middle
Ages, transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as
sea trade increased. In recent years, both the maritime and overland Silk
Routes are again being used, often closely following the ancient routes.
Taklamakan Desert:
Temple Imagery:
The Three Wise Men:
“The Magi, also referred to as the (Three) Wise Men, (Three) Kings, or Kings from the East, were, according to Christian beliefs, a group
of distinguished foreigners who visited Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of
gold, frankincense and myrrh. They are regular figures in traditional accounts
of the nativity celebrations of Christmas and are an important part of the
Christian tradition.”
"In
the time of King Herod, after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea, wise men
from the East came to Jerusalem, asking, "Where is the child who has been
born king of the Jews? For we observed his star at its rising, and have come to
pay him homage." When King Herod heard this, he was frightened, and all
Jerusalem with him; and calling together all the chief priests and scribes of
the people, he inquired of them where the Messiah was to be born. They told
him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it has been written by the prophet:
'And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the
rulers of Judah; for from you shall come a ruler who is to shepherd my people
Israel.'" Then Herod secretly called for the wise men and learned from
them the exact time when the star had appeared. Then he sent them to Bethlehem,
saying, "Go and search diligently for the child; and when you have found
him, bring me word so that I may also go and pay him homage." When they
had heard the king, they set out; and there, ahead of them, went the star that
they had seen at its rising, until it stopped over the place where the child
was. When they saw that the star had stopped, they were overwhelmed with joy.
On entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother; and they knelt
down and paid him homage. Then, opening their treasure chests, they offered him
gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not
to return to Herod, they left for their own country by another path."
-Matthew
2:1-12
Upanishads:
The Upanishads are philosophical texts considered
to be an early source of Hindu religion.
Vedas:
The Vedas are a large body of texts
originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute
the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.
Yoga:
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